压电微动伺服机构

本文详尽论述了作为精密车床直线运动误差检测,补偿系统中的微动伺服机构的工作原理、伺服机构结构参数的优化设计以及为提高伺服机构的频响而设计的“有源高压放电电路”。最后,建立了压电微动伺服机构的静、动态特性的数学模型。     

基于高层滑模的导弹电液伺服机构模糊滑模控制

针对导弹电液伺服机构的跟踪控制问题,设计了一种模糊滑模控制方案。将高层滑模函数作为模糊控制系统的一维输入,简化了一般模糊滑模控制系统结构,从而得到具有少量规则的模糊滑模的设计方案。仿真结果表明了该方案可以减小跟踪误差,增强系统的鲁棒性和削弱控制信号中的高频抖振。     

CAMC神经网络在电动伺服机构摩擦补偿中的应用

以三轴电动仿真转台外环位置伺服系统的摩擦补偿为研究对象,分析了伺服机构的摩擦特性及影响,提出一种新的基于CMAC神经网络进行摩擦补偿的控制器设计方案,并给出了控制器设计中具体的结构和算法。实验结果说明该方案有效保证了系统的稳定性和跟踪精度并且具有较强的自适应能力和鲁棒性。     

高马赫数临近空间无人机气动布局设计分析

以高马赫数临近空间无人机概念方案设计为背景,研究高马赫数无人机气动布局设计问题。为提高气动布局设计的效率,开发了气动外形设计和分析的工具,包括参数化几何建模程序、网格自动生成程序、自动化流场计算程序和结果分析程序。针对高马赫数无人机总体设计要求,提出一种翼身融合的双后掠气动布局方案,翼型为菱形,尾翼构型为V型。为了满足进气道进口流量捕获面积的要求,机体前缘设计成拱形前缘。应用数值分析方法分析展弦比和上反角对升阻比的影响,优选出合适的展弦比和下反角,形成了最终的气动布局方案。流场特性分析结果证实了最终的气动布局方案的合理性。     

基于扩展多模型自适应估计的运载火箭伺服机构故障检测与诊断

针对运载火箭伺服机构故障,提出了一种基于扩展多模型自适应估计的故障检测与诊断算法。首先建立了考虑伺服机构故障的运载火箭姿态动力学模型,其次将故障角度作为状态变量得到增广状态空间模型,然后利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器进行状态向量和故障参数的非线性估计,并基于传感器测量数据采用假设检验算法在线计算故障发生的概率,最后给出了基于扩展多模型自适应估计的故障检测与诊断算法流程。该方法的优点是只用一个扩展卡尔曼滤波器就可完成一个伺服机构的故障检测与诊断,从而大幅减小用于伺服机构故障检测与诊断的滤波器数量。仿真结果表明,该方法在无故障时可对伺服机构进行健康监测,在单台伺服机构故障下,可以及时准确判断出哪一台芯级伺服机构发生故障,并可准确估计出伺服机构故障下的发动机摆角角度。     

轴承装配误差及预紧量对导引头伺服机构谐振频率影响与分析

为了在精密装调过程中对导引头伺服机构的动态特性进行准确预测,采用理论建模的方法确定了轴承微量装配参数与伺服机构谐振频率的定量关系。基于Hertz接触理论,建立5自由度轴承刚度模型,并将微量装配误差对轴承刚度矩阵的影响进行建模和分析;采用Timoshenko梁理论推导弹性阶梯轴单元矩阵,并确定系统特征值和特征向量的求解方法;采用MATLAB/GUI建立伺服机构谐振频率分析系统,并搭建实验系统对理论模型进行验证。分析和实验结果表明,所建立的分析方法可以对轴承的微量装配误差引起的谐振频率变化进行比较准确的计算,解决了目前伺服机构精密装调过程中动态特性预测的难题。     

基于电测法的导引头伺服机构干扰力矩测量及精密装配工艺优化

为了在导引头伺服机构装配过程中减小干扰力矩,基于电测法搭建伺服机构驱动力矩测量系统,采用Labview和Dliphi开发了测量系统上下位软件;在精密装调过程中,通过实时监测驱动力矩,调整装调参数,达到减小干扰力矩的作用。对质量不平衡力矩及活动线缆力矩在驱动力矩中的特性进行了实验验证,确定伺服机构配平和布线方法;对轴承预紧力与伺服机构摩擦力矩关系进行了实验验证,解决自动跑合工艺问题,对减小摩擦力矩波动幅值具有重要意义;测量伺服机构转轴回转误,明确最佳轴承预紧力的工艺方法。基于搭建的驱动力矩测量系统对传统的伺服机构装配工艺进行优化,将依赖技师经验装配的定性方法优化为依赖力矩测量的定性方法。     

导引头伺服机构干扰力矩测量及精密装配工艺优化

为了在导引头伺服机构装配过程中减小干扰力矩,基于电测法搭建伺服机构驱动力矩测量系统;在精密装调过程中,通过监测驱动力矩,调整装调参数,达到减小干扰力矩的作用。对质量不平衡力矩及活动线缆力矩在驱动力矩中的特性进行实验验证,确定了伺服机构配平和布线方法;对轴承预紧力与伺服机构摩擦力矩关系进行实验验证,解决了自动跑合工艺问题,这对减小摩擦力矩波动幅值具有重要意义;测量伺服机构转轴回转误,明确最佳轴承预紧力的工艺方法。结果表明,所提方法对传统的伺服机构装配工艺进行优化,可将依赖技师经验装配的定性方法优化为依赖力矩测量的定性方法。     

太阳观测卫星的数传天线波束及其指向设计

针对三轴稳定对日指向姿态的太阳同步轨道卫星,提出为获得最大对地数据传输时间的天线波束设计及布局方案。根据某型太阳观测卫星的轨道姿态设计方案,建立数传天线对指定地面站的天线波束指向仿真模型;使用卫星工具包STK仿真软件,分析不同波束角方案及其可能的指向对数传时间的影响,发现了对日指向卫星与对地指向卫星在数传时间上的不同规律,找到最优的天线波束布局来获得最大的数传时间;根据星载数传能力与不同天线波束宽度之间的关系,获得传输数据的最佳天线波束宽度,为这类卫星数传天线的波束设计及其布局提供设计依据。     

运载火箭伺服机构故障检测与诊断的扩展多模型自适应方法

针对运载火箭伺服机构故障,提出一种基于扩展多模型自适应估计的故障检测与诊断算法。建立考虑伺服机构故障的运载火箭姿态动力学模型;将故障角度作为状态变量得到增广状态空间模型;利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器进行状态向量和故障参数的非线性估计,并基于传感器测量数据采用假设检验算法在线计算故障发生的概率;给出基于扩展多模型自适应估计的故障检测与诊断算法流程。仿真结果表明,该方法在无故障时可对伺服机构进行健康监测;在单台伺服机构故障下,可以及时准确判断出哪一台芯级伺服机构发生故障,并可准确估计出伺服机构故障下的发动机摆角角度。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.