扩张状态观测器的机动目标跟踪算法

跟踪算法是自动跟踪火控系统的关键.提出了一种新的基于模板匹配的跟踪算法,可应用于实时的跟踪系统.该算法由扩张状态观测器(ESO)和序贯相似性(SSDA)匹配算法组成.首先使用扩张状态观测器,可以预测出目标在下一帧图像中的位置,再使用SSDA算法,在预测位置的邻域内进行搜索从而获得目标的准确位置.基于扩张状态观测器的模板匹配算法减少了搜索位置,提高了算法的效率,同时也克服了传统卡尔曼滤波用于目标预测时需要目标模型已知且滤波时间长的缺点.仿真实验证明该算法可以满足实时性要求.     

基于航拍视频的车辆目标跟踪方法

以无人机拍摄的运动车辆为研究对象,针对航拍视频中的某一车辆目标,研究其目标跟踪方法。为准确预测车辆在未来帧中出现的位置,提出基于K邻域的目标预测算法,对于车辆目标可能会出现被全部遮挡的情况,提出基于车辆运动状态估计的抗遮挡算法,在目标检测过程中,针对可能会有多个目标被检测出来的情况,提出多特征融合的图像匹配算法以对检测结果进行匹配。将上述算法相结合,形成车辆目标跟踪方法。测试结果表明,提出的目标跟踪方法平均准确率达到了91.1%,准确率相对于常见的目标跟踪算法提升了约6.35%。     

最小二乘滤波在目标跟踪中的应用

根据目标在运动过程中具有轨迹连续性的特点,基于最小二乘法通过设计综合预测器的方法,并结合坐标变换得出目标的预测位置信息。这种方法结合了线性预测器与平方预测器的特点,对于目标跟踪过程中的预测更加贴近,且能减少跟踪算法的计算量;对于实现导弹的稳定跟踪具有一定的应用价值。     

图像跟踪系统中机动目标预测的实现

针对装甲车上的图像跟踪系统,提出了一种机动目标预测方法.将目标的运动分解为两部分,即全局运动和局部运动,并根据各自的动态特性分别进行预测.以局部运动预测为重点,通过对机动目标跟踪技术的研究,建立起性能优良的跟踪滤波器,并将其扩展到预测滤波器中对目标的未来运动状态进行预测,从而提出了"交互式多模型预测算法".仿真结果表明,该算法具有预测精度高、自适应能力强的特点,同时给出了计算方法.     

基于提升框架检测的空中强机动视频目标跟踪

空中强机动性目标在视频中表现出运动形变剧烈、运动规律难预测且背景特征不明显不稳定等特点,传统的检测跟踪算法不能有效地对其实施检测跟踪.为解决上述问题,提出一种不依赖于帧间运动特性的基于提升框架检测的空中强机动视频目标跟踪算法.首先,利用提升框架实现图像的小波变换,得到目标的高频分量信息.然后,对高频分量进行融合,并提出了目标特征增强的方法,完成单帧图像的目标检测.最后,实现视频序列的实时跟踪.实验结果表明,该算法能够实时、准确地对空中背景下的强机动性目标进行检测跟踪,有效地解决了目标运动形变剧烈、某些帧中存在遮挡而造成后续帧失跟等跟踪困难.     

机动目标跟踪的非线性算法

卡尔曼滤波器对线性高斯滤波问题能提供最优解, 而对目标运动模型、观测方程等要求的非线性就不再适合,提出了一种机动目标自适应非线性粒子滤波算法-" 粒子滤波器"(Particle Filters PF)法, 这种方法不受线性化误差和高斯噪声假定的限制,适用于任何状态转换或测量模型, 分析比较了粒子滤波(PF)与扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(EKF) 的滤波精度、运算量等方面指标.给出了基于典型非线性模型的算法仿真, 仿真结果表明粒子滤波新方法优于EKF对机动目标跟踪.     

一种新的线性最优滤波器的设计与研究

针对一类未知机动目标设计了一种线性最优滤波器.该滤波器采用有限记忆模型作为滤波模型,模型参数用动态最小二乘方法辨识得到.由此得到的滤波器称为基于辨识有限记忆模型的线性最优滤波器.有限记忆模型克服了时间多项式模型(如CV模型、CA模型、Singer模型等)对目标物理特性的依赖性,它从目标运动轨迹入手对目标运动特性进行描述,更适合于战场未知目标的跟踪滤波.通过原理分析和Monte Carlo仿真实验验证了该滤波方法的有效性,并且和Kalman滤波方法进行了比较.     

一种新的二进制检测传感器网络定位跟踪方法

根据同时检测到目标的两个传感器节点对目标进行定位的特点,提出了一种适用于二进制检测传感器网络的改进质心定位法;给出了一种基于线性最小二乘估计的目标跟踪算法,并结合质心定位法和改进质心定位法,得到了目标运动的航速和航向。仿真表明:改进的质心定位法相比于质心定位法,具有更高的定位精度;基于线性最小二乘估计的目标跟踪方法可以获得较为准确的目标航速和航向。     

基于改进自适应聚类的无线传感器目标跟踪算法

针对无线传感器网络目标跟踪中跟踪精度与传感器节能问题进行研究,提出基于预测的簇头自适应聚类算法,该算法采用动态聚类算法,通过考虑传感器节点剩余能量、节点到汇聚的距离和节点到运动目标的距离3个参数,最大限度地减少簇头与基站间的远程通信,节约网络能量,延长网络寿命,降低目标漏失概率,加入预测机制,采用线性预测的方法预测跟踪...     

跟踪系统持续稳定跟踪目标的粒子滤波

在现代战争中,视频跟踪技术是实现精确火力打击的关键技术,是获取信息对抗胜利从而夺取战争主动权、实现发现即摧毁的重要保证。由于战场地理环境复杂,经常存在跟踪目标被遮挡而丢失的情况,因此,稳定的长时跟踪算法必不可少。针对现在战场复杂环境下目标跟踪遇到的问题,提出了基于KCF(Kernelized Correlation Filters)和粒子滤波相融合的跟踪算法,相比较传统算法其能够在复杂环境下完成长时、稳定、准确的跟踪。通过设计的视频跟踪系统的硬件平台实验结果显示,该算法可实现目标的稳定跟踪以及目标被遮挡丢失之后的重新检测,能够满足复杂战场环境下目标的长时稳定跟踪的需求。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.