复合材料专题-Si(Al)C纤维先驱体聚铝碳硅烷的合成*

采用低分子量固态聚碳硅烷(PCS)和乙酰丙酮铝([Al(acac)3])为原料,利用Si-H与[Al(acac)3]之间的交联反应合成适于多孔连续熔融纺丝的聚铝碳硅烷(PACS)。研究了反应条件对产物数均分子量、软化点和组成结构的影响及交联反应程度和可纺性之间的联系。结果表明,随着反应温度的升高和时间的延长,反应程度提高,残余乙酰丙酮基减少,Si-O-Al交联支化结构增多,分子量和软化点增大,可纺性随之下降。当[Al(acac)3]投料比为8wt%时,在370°C下反应4-6h,可得到软化点为206~221°C,Alwt%=0.68%,具有良好可纺性的PACS     

液态聚硅烷高温高压合成聚碳硅烷工艺研究

以聚二甲基硅烷裂解制备的液态聚硅烷(LPS)为原料,在高压釜内高温高压反应制备了聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体,研究了合成条件对反应终压、Si H键含量、产物产率、软化点、分子量分布及可纺性的影响。研究表明,随着反应温度的提高、反应时间的延长,反应终压逐渐增大,产物的分子量与软化点增高,但同时分子量的分散性增大,使可纺性变差。当LPS在高压釜内460℃下反应3～4h,或450℃下反应6～7h时,可以制得软化点约为210～230℃的PCS,其高分子部分含量约5wt%～10wt%,Si H键含量大于0.9,可纺性较好,适合于制备SiC纤维。     

聚铝碳硅烷的流变性和纺丝性研究

采用单孔纺丝装置对不同铝含量的聚铝碳硅烷(PACS)的流变性和流变性进行研究.结果表明:随着温度升高,PACS熔体的流体特性逐渐接近牛顿流体;PACS熔体粘度对温度有强烈的依赖性,其软化点在190℃～220℃范围时,其粘流活化能在190～260kJ/mol之间;当PACS的粘度在100Pa·s左右时可纺性好;铝含量对PACS的流变性能和可纺性有重要的影响,随着铝含量的增加,PACS熔体的粘度增大,因而PACS的纺丝温度更高,可纺性变差.     

聚钛碳硅烷的结构与性能研究

通过聚碳硅烷与四丁氧基钛的反应。可以制得含钛碳化硅纤维的先驱体聚钛碳硅烷。反应物配比(Ti(OBu)_4)/PC 将直接影响产物的结构与性能。随这一比例的增加,聚钛碳硅烷的可纺性与熔点将有规律地变化。这可归因于以—Ti—O—为桥的交联结构和以—Ti(OBu)_3为侧基的悬挂结构的形成。本文研究了聚钛碳硅烷的结构与性能的关系,并以具有良好成丝性的PTC-0.02与PTC-0.04为先驱体,制得了含钛碳化硅纤维。     

聚二甲基硅烷高压合成聚碳硅烷的组成与结构分析

以聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)为原料,在高压釜内450℃下反应6h,制备了聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体。对其组成及结构进行了表征,推测了PCS的大致结构模型。研究表明,PCS分子包含Si CH3、Si CH2 Si、Si H组成的SiC4、SiC3H等结构单元,实验式为SiC1.87H7.13O0.03。与常压高温裂解制备的软化点相近的PCS相比,二者的元素组成基本一致,高压合成的PCS具有较高的分子量和硅氢含量,但支化度略高。     

PDMS直接裂解重排合成PCS

聚二甲基硅烷 (PDMS)高温裂解制备的聚碳硅烷 (PCS)是陶瓷材料的良好先驱体。本文在现有液态聚硅烷 (LPS)间接合成PCS工艺的基础上 ,直接由固态PDMS高温裂解重排制备PCS ,利用正交设计的方法研究了不同合成条件对PCS结构、分子量及分子量分布的影响 ,得出了最佳合成条件 ,即反应温度 45 5℃ ,裂解温度 5 40℃ ,保温时间 6h。     

沉淀分级法调制纺丝级高熔点聚碳硅烷

作为碳化硅纤维先驱体的聚碳硅烷应当具有较高的熔点与良好的可纺性 ,但是提高熔点对合成条件提出了苛刻要求。为了解决这一矛盾 ,首先通过沉淀分级获得了高熔点 (>2 80℃ )的聚碳硅烷组分 ,然后再加入 10 - 30wt%低熔点组分来调节其纺丝性能 ,成功地调制出了高熔点 (>2 5 0℃ )、具有良好纺丝性的聚碳硅烷先驱体     

高含钛量碳化硅纤维的研制

本文采用一种聚钛硅氧烷与聚碳硅烷反应,制得了Ti/Si摩尔比为0.10的聚钛碳硅烷。该聚合物具有良好的成丝性与稳定性,经熔融纺丝,再经不熔化处理后,在氮气气氛保护下1300℃热处理后制得了高含钛量的碳化硅纤维。文中对聚钛硅氧烷的合成与结构,它与聚碳硅烷的反应过程及聚钛碳硅烷的热分解特性进行了分析与研究。     

高压合成聚碳硅烷的沉淀与复配

研究了沉淀与复配两种调控高压合成聚碳硅烷(PCS)分子量及其分布的方法。研究表明,在PCS的良溶剂(如二甲苯)溶液中加入沉淀剂(如丙酮)比例超过临界点后,PCS中分子量越高的部分越先沉淀出来,从而降低了PCS的软化点、分子量和分散系数,PCS的高、中、低分子量的比例得到调节。复配是将不同分子量分布的PCS均匀地混合在一起,其分子量、软化点和高、中、低各部分的含量基本符合混合率的关系。因此,可以按照混合率来设计所需PCS的软化点、分子量及高、中、低分子含量。     

从LPS馏分出发合成先驱体聚碳硅烷

采用将液态聚硅烷(LPS)蒸馏分级的方法,从各个馏分出发合成制备了先驱体聚碳硅烷(PCS)。运用GPC等分析测试手段考察比较了各个馏分的差异对在相同条件下所合成聚碳硅烷的分子量及其分子量分布特性的影响。研究表明:在同等条件下,采用以LPS蒸馏分级的方法再从各个馏分出发合成制备先驱体聚碳硅烷的总平均收率比未从经分级处理的LPS出发合成先驱体PCS的收率高35%左右;从200℃以下馏分出发可以合成制备超高分子量的先驱体PCS。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.