生活百科

时政新闻：今年扶贫开发工作围绕三重点;域外拾零：阿根廷人的“贷款”消费观;生活贴士：慎用空气清新剂;知识博览：左右耳有别;生活感悟：珍惜。     

军人战时消费的性质、特点和基本原则

军人战时消费的性质表现在:它是社会再生产过程中的一部分,是社会消费活动在特定时期中的一种特殊表现;它不仅服从战争的需要,而且还是形成军事力量的重要因素;它是战时经济的重要组成部分,并在一定程度上决定着战时经济状况、军人战时消费的特点大体表现在战时消费需要、消费结构、消费水平、消费方式和消费心理等方面。军人战时消费应遵循五个原则:保证作战、突出消费效果、适度消费、坚持社会主义军人战时消费观和勤俭节约的战时消费原则。     

承诺不该是索要来的

当前,在一些基层部队,层层签订承诺书似乎成了一种工作方法。例如,搞党风廉政教育要求党员干部承诺不贪不占,搞艰苦奋斗教育要求各级官兵承诺不吃不请,搞消费观教育要求战士承诺不欠不赊,好像拿到了这一纸承诺就解决了所有问题。然而,这索要来的承诺真的管用吗？     

社会福利视域下的军人收入分配公平及其实现

军人收入分配公平及其实现是社会福利增进的重要一环。我国的军人收入分配制度近年来有所改革，增进了军人的社会福利，但仍存在帕累托改进的余地。实现军人收入分配公平，一方面，要建立比较完善的军人工资增长制度，以促进军人收入分配的外部公平；另一方面，应实施津贴补贴同绩效工资相结合的制度，以促进军人收入分配的内部公平。同时，要建立军人社会保险制度，弥补军人收入分配制度的缺陷。     

军人优抚权的法律属性分析

我国现行宪法第45条规定：国家和社会保障残废军人的生活，抚恤烈士家属，优待军人家属。因此，军人优抚权属于宪法权利的范畴，军人享有优抚的宪法权利；国家和社会是法定的义务主体，必须依法履行法定义务。     

关于加强军人保险立法的思考

军人保险立法是建立和实施军人保险制度的重要保证。文章分析了我国军人保险立法的主观与客观依据,并从军人保险法的基本内容和主体规范的角度提出我国军人保险立法的初步设想。     

美国的军人保险及对我国军人保险的借鉴作用

美国的军人保险有完善的法规制度作保障,有政府的专门机构——退役军人事务部负责管理。具体内容包括寿险计划和退役军人的健康保险计划两大部分,保障对象不仅涉及军人本人,还包括军人的配偶和子女。我国军人保险应借鉴美国军人保险的成功经验,通过国家立法建立军人保险制度,设置适当的险种,采取适合我国军人的保险经营管理模式,全面提高军人保险的保障水平。     

完善军人社会保障基金监管制度的理性思考

军人社会保障基金是国家和社会用于军人社会保险、军人社会福利、军人优抚和退役安置的资金的总和。军人社会保障基金的来源主要是国家从财政支出中拨款，同时由军队和军人个人分别出资形成，不论是国家财政拨款，还是军队或军人个人交纳形成的军人社会保障基金，都直接关系到军人的根本利益。     

军人保险制度机制分析

1998年初 ,军委确定建定军人保险制度 ,这是我国军人社会保障制度进一步改革与完善的重要举措。但是 ,无论是理论界还是实际工作者 ,对于我国军人保险制度还存在着许多不同认识。这些争论的焦点不是集中在要不要建立军人保险制度 ,而在于中国应建立一种什么样的军人保险制度。对于这一点 ,我们拟从理论层面上分析一下我国军人保险制度的本质、决定我国军人保险制度的构成要素和这些构成要素内部起作用的机制。一、我国军人社会保险制度的本质我国的军人保险制度是国家通过立法、设立专项基金、在军人遇到死亡、伤残、年老、退役等情况时 ,给…     

我国兵役制度中军人权利义务关系模式的历史演变

我国兵役制度有过4次大的调整，这4次兵役制度的演变过程同时也折射出了军人权利义务关系的变化。这种变化过程是对军人权利不断关注的过程。本文从历史演变角度，对兵役制度中的军人权利义务4个模式的形成、地位和历史作用进行系统的分析。     

运用心理学相关理论培育军人核心价值观

培育军人核心价值观，是当前部队思想政治教育的重中之重，其培育途径尤为重要，笔者认为，可以通过培养与激发官兵亲社会行为，来推动与促进军人核心价值观的培育。运用心理学的相关理论，促进亲社会行为的概念与特征、亲社会行为与军人核心价值观的有机结合，培育军人核心价值观。     

论军人审美能动性的发挥

当代中国军人有着崇尚革命英雄主义的审美理想和以朴素、庄严、威武为本的审美观念。客观存在的美的事物与能够成为军人审美对象的事物之间总有不小的距离，要把直观和表象加工成概念，并运用从抽象上升到具体的方法，形成一个具有严密逻辑顺序的军人审美能动性发挥系统尤为重要，从美感系统的构建、审美意识的培养等方面对军人审美能动性的发挥进行了简要论述。     

Soldiers as victims: behind military barracks in the post-colonial African army

This paper examines the ways in which the military infringes on the social and political rights of soldiers who joined the Zimbabwe National Army in post-independence Zimbabwe. Contrary to the scholarly and policy debates that present Zimbabwean soldiers as the silent prop behind President Robert Mugabe and the perpetrators of political violence, this paper argues that these soldiers have also been victimised in army barracks. The victimhood of soldiers has been explicit in the ways in which they are forced to execute their duties beyond their professional expectations. In substantiating this argument, the paper explores the unethical military training and the ways in which soldiers are disciplined and punished through Chapter 11:02 of the draconian Defence Act. The paper’s contribution stems from a ‘rights’ perspective that emphasises the right to freedom, justice and protection, which is usually quite silent in the military. But the question is how can soldiers’ concerns be translated into new practices without compromising so-called ‘state security’?     

3G手机使用对武警部队安全保密工作影响的剖析及对策

伴随着3G时代的到来，3G手机逐渐走进武警警营。然而它在给官兵带来视频通话、网络冲浪、导航定位、彩信即拍即发等方便与快捷享受的同时，也给安全保密工作敲响了警钟。通过对3G手机的概念及主要功能的分析，指出它对安全保密工作的影响，探讨解决问题的对策，能够为部队管理者有效消除3G手机给部队安全保密工作带来的不利影响提供参考。     

When the military became militarised: Accounts of Zimbabwean National Army deserters in exile in South Africa

In post-colonial Africa, the military has been central to sustaining freedom. However, the current political trends in Zimbabwe represent a different phenomenon, with the army perpetrating violence against its own citizens. For many years, the concept of ‘militarisation’ has been used to define social and political practices outside the military. Scholars have deployed the concept of militarisation as a category of analysis and practice. In doing so, scholarly writing portrays the military as an instrument of militarisation. So, who militarises the military? While scholars use the concept of militarisation to analyse other state institutions, the central argument of this paper is that the concept of militarisation has been deployed inappropriately and narrowly by scholars to refer to the appointment of military personnel in state institutions. I argue that in the Zimbabwean post-2000 political crisis, what has in fact been militarised is the military itself as an institution – through the command and control of soldiers against their moral will – and this phenomenon is exemplified by the growing involvement of the military in the perpetration of political violence against the civilian population in Zimbabwe. This paper draws on the experiences of 44 Zimbabwe army deserters.     

论军队院校伙食保障社会化的监管问题

军队院校伙食保障社会化改革要想取得实效,得到广大官兵的支持和拥护,必须把维护和发展官兵利益作为社会化改革的根本。有关部门应采取有力措施,加强对地方餐饮承包方的监管。     

基于有限理性理论的虚拟士兵感知行为建模研究

针对当前虚拟士兵感知行为模型的缺陷,介绍有限理性理论和基于有限理性虚拟士兵的概念,分析了加入有限理性理论的虚拟士兵的特点,提出了基于有限理性虚拟士兵的感知行为模型。该模型包括有限视觉模型、有限听觉模型和有限记忆模型,基于该感知模型的虚拟士兵在感知、决策和运动能力方面与类似真实士兵具有较高的一致性。这对虚拟士兵的感知行为建模研究具有一定的探索意义。     

把以人为本作为重要的建军治军理念

军队落实科学发展观,尤其是把以人为本作为建军治军的重要理念,就必须做到在部队建设中认识人、尊重人、依靠人、服务人、发展人。做到深知兵,坚持从群众中来、到群众中去的工作路线,切实维护好广大官兵的合法权益、切身利益,尊重官兵的身心发展规律,促进官兵的全面发展。     

Soldiering the terrain of war: Zimbabwean soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1998–2002)

The paper reveals how Zimbabwean soldiers who fought in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1998–2002) were challenged by the terrain of war. While soldiers are trained to live and fight in dreadful wars, I argue that immersing oneself in the war terrain is neither mathematical nor calculative; rather, war tactics to be employed are defined by the context in which soldiers operate in. When soldiers reflect on and about the war, they unconsciously produce accounts that are often not completely heroic, but a life lived in fear as well an issue that they had never anticipated when they set out to war. A main finding of this study is that while these soldiers were deployed to fight against the rebels, they find difficulties in locating physical features from map reading to the ground, distinguishing the enemy from civilian people and deployed for days without eating a proper meal as well as seeing their fellow soldiers dying in the context of war. The paper provides a vantage point in which we can also understand that trained soldiers do not exert total power over war terrains, they are sometimes challenged by the war situation itself.     

Risk,War, and the Dangers of Soldier Identity

The profession of arms is distinct from other professions for many reasons. One reason which is not so obvious is that, unlike members of other professions, soldiers may go their entire careers preparing for a day that never arrives. All things considered, we should think this to be a very good thing. For soldiers, however, this can feel somewhat odd, since there is a natural desire to want to feel useful and to see one’s role and purpose find realization. Accordingly, the common soldier is forced to adopt a rather paradoxical mindset, one of longing for peace, and therefore for uselessness, while at the same time longing to be useful, which would entail that there be a war. This latter desire to be useful and to vindicate one’s identity as a soldier can sometimes take on an unhealthy life of its own. The pull of wanting too strongly to live up to a warrior identity, I argue, can sometimes skew a soldier’s ability to assess risk rationally. This article will therefore investigate how a soldier’s concept of self influences his or her overall capacity to evaluate risk in war and when such influence might become morally problematic.